Adenoviral vectors having a protein IX deletion

ABSTRACT

This invention provides a recombinant adenovirus expression vector characterized by the partial or total deletion of the adenoviral protein IX DNA and having a gene encoding a foreign protein or a functional fragment or mutant thereof. Transformed host cells and a method of producing recombinant proteins and gene therapy also are included within the scope of this invention. 
     Thus, for example, the adenoviral vector of this invention can contain a foreign gene for the expression of a protein effective in regulating the cell cycle, such as p53, Rb, or mitosin, or in inducing cell death, such as the conditional suicide gene thymidine kinase. (The latter must be used in conjunction with a thymidine kinase metabolite in order to be effective).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/315,777, filedDec. 21, 2005 (now abandoned), which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No.09/860,286, filed May 18, 2001 (now abandoned), which is a continuationof U.S. Ser. No. 08/958,570, filed Oct. 28, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No.7,041,248, which is a division of U.S. Ser. No. 08/328,673, filed Oct.25, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,939, which is a continuation-in-partof U.S. Ser. No. 08/246,006, filed May 19, 1994, now abandoned, which isa continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/142,669 filed Oct. 25, 1993,now abandoned, the contents of every above-identified document in theentirety are hereby incorporated by reference into the disclosure.

Throughout this application, various publications are referred to bycitations within parentheses and in the bibliographic description,immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publicationsare hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure to morefully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

Production of recombinant adenoviruses useful for gene therapy requiresthe use of a cell line capable of supplying in trans the gene productsof the viral E1 region which are deleted in these recombinant viruses.At present the only useful cell line available is the 293 cell lineoriginally described by Graham et al. in 1977. 293 cells containapproximately the left hand 12% (4.3 kb) of the adenovirus type 5 genome(Aiello (1979) and Spector (1983)).

Adenoviral vectors currently being tested for gene therapy applicationstypically are deleted for Ad2 or Ad5 DNA extending from approximately400 base pairs from the 5′ end of the viral genome to approximately 3.3kb from the 5′ end, for a total E1 deletion of 2.9 kb. Therefore, thereexists a limited region of homology of approximately 1 kb between theDNA sequence of the recombinant virus and the Ad5 DNA within the cellline. This homology defines a region of potential recombination betweenthe viral and cellular adenovirus sequences. Such a recombinationresults in a phenotypically wild-type virus bearing the Ad5 E1 regionfrom the 293 cells. This recombination event presumably accounts for thefrequent detection of wild-type adenovirus in preparations ofrecombinant virus and has been directly demonstrated to be the cause ofwild-type contamination of the Ad2 based recombinant virus Ad2/CFTR-1(Rich et al. (1993)).

Due to the high degree of sequence homology within the type C adenovirussubgroup such recombination is likely to occur if the vector is based onany group C adenovirus (types 1, 2, 5, 6).

In small scale production of recombinant adenoviruses, generation ofcontaminating wild-type virus can be managed by a screening processwhich discards those preparations of virus found to be contaminated. Asthe scale of virus production grows to meet expected demand for genetictherapeutics, the likelihood of any single lot being contaminated with awild-type virus also will rise as well as the difficulty in providingnon-contaminated recombinant preparations.

There will be over one million new cases of cancer diagnosed this year,and half that number of cancer-related deaths (American Cancer Society,1993). p53 mutations are the most common genetic alteration associatedwith human cancers, occurring in 50-60% of human cancers (Hollstein etal. (1991); Bartek et al (1991); Levine (1993)). The goal of genetherapy in treating p53 deficient tumors, for example, is to reinstate anormal, functional copy of the wild-type p53 gene so that control ofcellular proliferation is restored. p53 plays a central role in cellcycle progression, arresting growth so that repair or apoptisis canoccur in response to DNA damage. Wild-type p53 has recently beenidentified as a necessary component for apoptosis induced by irradiationor treatment with some chemotherapeutic agents (Lowe et al. (1993) A andB). Due to the high prevalence of p53 mutations in human tumors, it ispossible that tumors which have become refractory to chemotherapy andirradiation treatments may have become so due in part to the lack ofwild-type p53. By resupplying functional p53 to these tumors, it isreasonable that they now are susceptible to apoptisis normallyassociated with the DNA damage induced by radiation and chemotherapy.

One of the critical points in successful human tumor suppressor genetherapy is the ability to affect a significant-fraction of the cancercells. The use of retroviral vectors has been largely explored for thispurpose in a variety of tumor models. For example, for the treatment ofhepatic malignancies, retroviral vectors have been employed with littlesuccess because these vectors are not able to achieve the high level ofgene transfer required for in vivo gene therapy (Huber, B. E. et al.,1991; Caruso M. et al., 1993).

To achieve a more sustained source of virus production, researchers haveattempted to overcome the problem associated with low level of genetransfer by direct injection of retroviral packaging cell lines intosolid tumors (Caruso, M. et al., 1993; Ezzidine, Z. D. et al., 1991;Culver, K. W. et al., 1992). However, these methods are unsatisfactoryfor use in human patients because the method is troublesome and inducesan inflammatory response against the packaging cell line in the patient.Another disadvantage of retroviral vectors is that they require dividingcells to efficiently integrate and express the recombinant gene ofinterest (Huber, B. E. 1991). Stable integration into an essential hostgene can lead to the development or inheritance of pathogenic diseasedstates.

Recombinant adenoviruses have distinct advantages over retroviral andother gene delivery methods (for review, see Siegfried (1993)).Adenoviruses have never been shown to induce tumors in humans and havebeen safely used as live vaccines (Straus (1984)). Replication deficientrecombinant adenoviruses can be produced by replacing the E1 regionnecessary for replication with the target gene. Adenovirus does notintegrate into the human genome as a normal consequence of infection,thereby greatly reducing the risk of insertional mutagenesis possiblewith retrovirus or adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. This lack ofstable integration also leads to an additional safety feature in thatthe transferred gene effect will be transient, as the extrachromosomalDNA will be gradually lost with continued division of normal cells.Stable, high titer recombinant adenovirus can be produced at levels notachievable with retrovirus or AAV, allowing enough material to beproduced to treat a large patient population. Moreover, adenovirusvectors are capable of highly efficient in vivo gene transfer into abroad range of tissue and tumor cell types. For example, others haveshown that adenovirus mediated gene delivery has a strong potential forgene therapy for diseases such as cystic fibrosis (Rosenfeld et al.(1992); Rich et al. (1993)) and α₁-antitrypsin deficiency (Lemarchand etal. (1992)). Although other alternatives for gene delivery, such ascationic liposome/DNA complexes, are also currently being explored, noneas yet appear as effective as adenovirus mediated gene delivery.

As with treating p53 deficient tumors, the goal of gene therapy forother tumors is to reinstate control of cellular proliferation. In thecase of p53, introduction of a functional gene reinstates cell cyclecontrol allowing for apoptotic cell death induced by therapeutic agents.Similarly, gene therapy is equally applicable to other tumor suppressorgenes which can be used either alone or in combination with therapeuticagents to control cell cycle progression of tumor cells and/or inducecell death. Moreover, genes which do not encode cell cycle regulatoryproteins, but directly induce cell death such as suicide genes or, geneswhich are directly toxic to the cell can be used in gene therapyprotocols to directly eliminate the cell cycle progression of tumorcells.

Regardless of which gene is used to reinstate the control of cell cycleprogression, the rationale and practical applicability of this approachis identical. Namely, to achieve high efficiencies of gene transfer toexpress therapeutic quantities of the recombinant product. The choice ofwhich vector to use to enable high efficiency gene transfer with minimalrisk to the patient is therefore important to the level of success ofthe gene therapy treatment.

Thus, there exists a need for vectors and methods which provide highlevel gene transfer efficiencies and protein expression which providesafe and effective gene therapy treatments. The present inventionsatisfies this need and provides related advantages as well.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides a recombinant adenovirus expression vectorcharacterized by the partial or total deletion of the adenoviral proteinIX DNA and having a gene encoding a foreign protein or a functionalfragment or mutant thereof. Transformed host cells and a method ofproducing recombinant proteins and gene therapy also are included withinthe scope of this invention.

Thus, for example, the adenoviral vector of this invention can contain aforeign gene for the expression of a protein effective in regulating thecell cycle, such as p53, Rb, or mitosin, or in inducing cell death, suchas the conditional suicide gene thymidine kinase. (The latter must beused in conjunction with a thymidine kinase metabolite in order to beeffective).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A and 1B show a recombinant adenoviral vector of this invention.This construct was assembled as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. The resultantvirus bears a 5′ deletion of adenoviral sequences extending fromnucleotide 356 to 4020 and eliminates the E1a and E1b genes as well asthe entire protein IX coding sequence, leaving the polyadenylation siteshared by the E1b and pIX genes intact for use in terminatingtranscription of any desired gene.

FIGS. 2A through 2D show the amino acid sequence of p110^(RB) (SEQ IDNO:8).

FIGS. 3A through 3D show a DNA sequence encoding a retinoblastoma tumorsuppressor protein (SEQ ID NOS:7 and 8).

FIG. 4 shows schematic of recombinant p53/adenovirus constructs withinthe scope of this invention. The p53 recombinants are based on Ad 5 andhave had the E1 region of nucleotides 360-3325 replaced with a 1.4 kbfull length p53 cDNA driven by the Ad 2 MLP (A/M/53) or human CMV(A/C/53) promoters followed by the Ad 2 tripartite leader cDNA. Thecontrol virus A/M has the same Ad 5 deletions as the A/M/53 virus butlacks the 1.4 kb p53 cDNA insert. The remaining E1b sequence (705nucleotides) have been deleted to create the protein IX deletedconstructs A/M/N/53 and A/C/N/53. These constructs also have a 1.9 kbXba I deletion within adenovirus type 5 region E3.

FIGS. 5A through 5I show p53 dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis inhuman tumor cell lines by A/M/N/53 and A/C/N/53. Nine different tumorcell lines were infected with either control adenovirus A/M (-x-x-), orthe p53 expressing A/M/N/53 (-Δ-Δ-), or A/C/N/53 (-O-O-) virus atincreasing MOI as indicated. The tumor type and p53 status is noted foreach cell line (wt=wild type, null=no protein expressed, mut=mutantprotein expressed). DNA synthesis was measured 72 hours post-infectionas described below in Experiment No. II. Results are from triplicatemeasurements at each dose (mean+/−SD), and are plotted as % of mediacontrol versus MOI. * H69 cells were only tested with A/M and A/M/N/53virus.

FIG. 6 shows tumorigenicity of p53 infected Saos-2 cells in nude mice.Saos-2 cells were infected with either the control A/M virus or the p53recombinant A/M/N/53 at MOI=30. Treated cells were injectedsubcutaneously into the flanks of nude mice, and tumor dimensions weremeasured (as described in Experiment No. II) twice per week for 8 weeks.Results are plotted as tumor size versus days post tumor cellimplantation for both control A/M (-x-x-) and A/M/N/53 (-Δ-Δ-) treatedcells. Error bars represent the mean tumor size=/−SEM for each group of4 animals at each time point.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show in vivo tumor suppression and increased survivaltime with A/M/N/53. H69 (SCLC) tumor cells were injected subcutaneouslyinto nude mice and allowed to develop for 2 weeks. Peritumoralinjections of either buffer alone (---), control A/M adenovirus (-x-x-),or A/M/N/53 (-Δ-Δ), both viruses (2×10′ pfu/injection) were administeredtwice per week for a total of 8 doses. Tumor dimensions were measuredtwice per week and tumor volume was estimated as described in ExperimentNo. II. A) Tumor size is plotted for each virus versus time (days) postinoculation of H69 cells. Error bars indicate the mean tumor size +/−SEMfor each group of 5 animals. Arrows indicate days virus injections. B)Mice were monitored for survival and the fraction of mice surviving pergroup versus time post inoculation of buffer alone (----), control A/M(··· ··· ···) or A/M/N/53 (——) virus treated H69 cells is plotted.

FIGS. 8A through 8C show maps of recombinant plasmid constructions.Plasmids were constructed as detailed in below. Bold lines in theconstructs indicate genes of interest while boldface type indicates therestriction sites used to generate the fragments to be ligated togetherto form the subsequent plasmid as indicated by the arrows. In FIG. 8A,the plasmid pACNTK was constructed by subcloning the HSV-TK gene frompMLBKTK (ATCC No. 39369) into the polylinker of a cloning vector,followed by isolation of the TK gene with the desired ends for cloninginto the pACN vector. The pACN vector contains adenoviral sequencesnecessary for in vivo recombination to occur to form recombinantadenovirus (see FIG. 9). In FIG. 8B, the construction of the plasmidpAANTK is shown beginning with PCR amplified fragments encoding theα-fetoprotein enhancer (AFP-E) and promoter (AFP-P) regions subclonedthrough several steps into a final plasmid where the AFP enhancer andpromoter are upstream of the HSV-TK gene followed by adenovirus Type 2sequences necessary for in vivo recombination to occur to formrecombinant adenovirus. In FIG. 8C, the construction of the plasmidpAANCAT is shown beginning with the isolation of the chloramphenicolacetyltransferase (CAT) gene from a commercially available plasmid andsubcloning it into the pAAN plasmid (see above), generating the finalplasmid pAANCAT where the AFP enhancer/promoter direct transcription ofthe CAT gene in an adenovirus sequence background.

FIG. 9 is a schematic map of recombinant adenoviruses ACNTK, AANTK andAANCAT. To construct recombinant adenoviruses from the plasmidsdescribed in FIGS. 8A and 8B, 4 parts (20 μg) of either plasmid pACNTK,pAANTK, or pAANCAT were linearized with Eco RI and cotransfected with 1part (5 μg) of the large fragment of Cla 1 digested recombinantadenovirus (rACβ-gal) containing an E3 region deletion (Wills et al.,1994). In the resulting viruses, the Ad 5 nucleotides 360-4021 arereplaced by either the CMV promoter and tripartite leader cDNA (TPL) orthe α-fetoprotein enhancer and promoter (AFP) driving expression of theHSV-1 TK or CAT gene as indicated. The resulting recombinantadenoviruses are designated ACNTK, AANTK, and AANCAT respectively.

FIGS. 10A and 10B show the effects of TK/GCV treatment on hepatocellularcarcinoma cell lines and the effects of promoter specificity. Hep-G2(AFP positive) and HLF (AFP negative) cell lines were infected overnightwith ACNTK [-A-] AANTK [-▴-], or control ACN (-□-] virus at an infectionmultiplicity of 30 and subsequently treated with a single dose ofganciclovir at the indicated concentrations. Cell proliferation wasassessed by adding ³H-thymidine to the cells approximately 18 hoursprior to harvest. ³H-thymidine incorporation into cellular nucleic acidwas measured 72 hours after infection (Top Count, Packard and expressedas a percent (mean +/−S.D.) of untreated control. The results show anon-selective dose dependent inhibition of proliferation with the CMVdriven construct, while AFP driven TK selectively inhibits Hep-G2.

FIG. 11 shows cytotoxicity of ACNTK plus ganciclovir in HCC. HLF cellswere infected at an MOI of 30 with either ACNTK [--] or the controlvirus ACN [-□-] and treated with ganciclovir at the indicated doses.Seventy-two (72) hours after ganciclovir treatment, the amount oflactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the cell supernatant weremeasured calorimetrically and plotted (mean+/−SEM) versus ganciclovirconcentration for the two virus treated groups.

FIGS. 12A and 12B show the effect of ACNTK plus ganciclovir onestablished hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors in nude mice. One(1)×10⁷ Hep 3B cells were injected subcutaneously into the flank offemale nude mice and allowed to grow for 27 days. Mice then receivedintratumoral and peritumoral injections of either the ACNTK [--] orcontrol ACN [-□-] virus (1×10⁹ iu in 100 μl volume) every other day fora total of three doses (indicated by arrows). Injections of ganciclovir(100 mg/kg ip) began 24 hours after the initial virus dose and continuedfor a total of 10 days. In FIG. 6A, tumor sizes are plotted for eachvirus versus days post infection (mean+/−SEM). In FIG. 6B, body weightfor each virus-treated animal group is plotted as the mean+/−SEM versusdays post infection.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

To reduce the frequency of contamination with wild-type adenovirus, itis desirable to improve either the virus or the cell line to reduce theprobability of recombination. For example, an adenovirus from a groupwith low homology to the group C viruses could be used to engineerrecombinant viruses with little propensity for recombination with theAd5 sequences in 293 cells. However, an alternative, easier means ofreducing the recombination between viral and cellular sequences is toincrease the size of the deletion in the recombinant virus and therebyreduce the extent of shared sequence between it and the Ad5 genes in the293 cells.

Deletions which extend past 3.5 kb from the 5′ end of the adenoviralgenome affect the gene for adenoviral protein IX and have not beenconsidered desirable in adenoviral vectors (see below).

The protein IX gene of the adenoviruses encodes a minor component of theouter adenoviral capsid which stabilizes the group-of-nine hexons whichcompose the majority of the viral capsid (Stewart (1993)). Based uponstudy of adenovirus deletion mutants, protein IX initially was thoughtto be a non-essential component of the adenovirus, although its absencewas associated with greater heat lability than observed with wild-typevirus (Colby and Shenk (1981)). More recently it was discovered thatprotein IX is essential for packaging full length viral DNA into capsidsand that in the absence of protein IX, only genomes at least 1 kbsmaller than wild-type could be propagated as recombinant viruses(Ghosh-Choudhury et al. (1987)). Given this packaging limitation,protein IX deletions deliberately have not been considered in the designof adenoviral vectors.

In this application, reference is made to standard textbooks ofmolecular biology that contain definitions, methods and means forcarrying out basic techniques, encompassed by the present invention. Seefor example, Sambrook et al. (1989) and the various references citedtherein. This reference and the cited publications are expresslyincorporated by reference into this disclosure.

Contrary to what has been known in the art, this invention claims theuse of recombinant adenoviruses bearing deletions of the protein IX geneas a means of reducing the risk of wild-type adenovirus contamination invirus preparations for use in diagnostic and therapeutic applicationssuch as gene therapy. As used herein, the term “recombinant” is intendedto mean a progeny formed as the result of genetic engineering. Thesedeletions can remove an additional 500 to 700 base pairs of DNA sequencethat is present in conventional E1 deleted viruses (smaller, lessdesirable, deletions of portions of the pIX gene are possible and areincluded within the scope of this invention) and is available forrecombination with the Ads sequences integrated in 293 cells.Recombinant adenoviruses based on any group C virus, serotype 1, 2, 5and 6, are included in this invention. Also encompassed by thisinvention is a hybrid Ad2/Ad5 based recombinant virus expressing thehuman p53 cDNA from the adenovirus type 2 major late promoter. Thisconstruct was assembled as shown in FIG. 1. The resultant virus bears a5′ deletion of adenoviral sequences extending from about nucleotide 357to 4020 and eliminates the E1and E1b genes as well as the entire proteinIX coding sequence, leaving the polyadenylation site shared by the E1band protein IX genes intact for use in terminating transcription of anydesired gene. A separate embodiment is shown in FIG. 4. Alternatively,the deletion can be extended an additional 30 to 40 base pairs withoutaffecting the adjacent gene for protein IVa2, although in that case anexogenous polyadenylation signal is provided to terminate transcriptionof genes inserted into the recombinant virus. The initial virusconstructed with this deletion is easily propagated in 293 cells with noevidence of wild-type viral contamination and directs robust p53expression from the transcriptional unit inserted at the site of thedeletion.

The insert capacity of recombinant viruses bearing the protein IXdeletion described above is approximately 2.6 kb. This is sufficient formany genes including the p53 cDNA. Insert capacity can be increased byintroducing other deletions into the adenoviral backbone, for example,deletions within early regions 3 or 4 (for review see: Graham and Prevec(1991)). For example, the use of an adenoviral backbone containing a 1.9kb deletion of non-essential sequence within early region 3. With thisadditional deletion, the insert capacity of the vector is increased toapproximately 4.5 kb, large enough for many larger cDNAs, including thatof the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene.

A recombinant adenovirus expression vector characterized by the partialor total deletion of the adenoviral protein IX DNA and having a geneencoding a foreign protein, or a functional fragment or mutant thereofis provided by this invention. These vectors are useful for the saferecombinant production of diagnostic and therapeutic polypeptides andproteins, and more importantly, for the introduction of genes in genetherapy. Thus, for example, the adenoviral vector of this invention cancontain a foreign gene for the expression of a protein effective inregulating the cell cycle, such as p53, Rb, or mitosin, or in inducingcell death, such as the conditional suicide gene thymidine kinase. (Thelatter must be used in conjunction with a thymidine kinase metabolite inorder to be effective) Any expression cassette can be used in thevectors of this invention. An “expression cassette” means a DNA moleculehaving a transcription promoter/enhancer such as the CMV promotorenhancer, etc., a foreign gene, and in some embodiments defined below, apolyadenylation signal. As used herein, the term “foreign gene” isintended to mean a DNA molecule not present in the exact orientation andposition as the counterpart DNA molecule found in wild-type adenovirus.The foreign gene is a DNA molecule up to 4.5 kilobases. “Expressionvector” means a vector that results in the expression of inserted DNAsequences when propagated in a suitable host cell, i.e., the protein orpolypeptide coded for by the DNA is synthesized by the host's system.The recombinant adenovirus expression vector can contain part of thegene encoding adenovirus protein IX, provided that biologically activeprotein IX or fragment thereof is not produced. Example of this vectorare an expression vector having the restriction enzyme map of FIGS. 1 or4.

Inducible promoters also can be used in the adenoviral vector of thisinvention. These promoters will initiate transcription only in thepresence of an additional molecule. Examples of inducible promotersinclude those obtainable from a β-interferon gene, a heat shock gene, ametallothionine gene or those obtainable from steroid hormone-responsivegenes. Tissue specific expression has been well characterized in thefield of gene expression and tissue specific and inducible promoterssuch as these are very well known in the art. These genes are used toregulate the expression of the foreign gene after it has been introducedinto the target cell.

Also provided by this invention is a recombinant adenovirus expressionvector, as described above, having less extensive deletions of theprotein IX gene sequence extending from 3500 bp from the 5′ viraltermini to approximately 4000 bp, in one embodiment. In a separateembodiment, the recombinant adenovirus expression vector can have afurther deletion of a non-essential DNA sequence in adenovirus earlyregion 3 and/or 4 and/or deletion of the DNA sequences designatedadenovirus E1a and E1b. In this embodiment, foreign gene is a DNAmolecule of a size up to 4.5 kilobases.

A further embodiment has a deletion of up to forty nucleotidespositioned 3′ to the E1a and E1b deletion and pIX and a foreign DNAmolecule encoding a polyadenylation signal inserted into the recombinantvector in a position relative to the foreign gene to regulate theexpression of the foreign gene.

For the purposes of this invention, the recombinant adenovirusexpression vector can be derived from wild-type group adenovirus,serotype 1, 2, 5 or 6.

In one embodiment, the recombinant adenovirus expression vector has aforeign gene coding for a functional tumor suppressor protein, or abiologically active fragment thereof. As used herein, the term“functional” as it relates to a tumor suppressor gene, refers to tumorsuppressor genes that encode tumor suppressor proteins that effectivelyinhibit a cell from having as a tumor cell. Functional genes caninclude, for instance, wild type of normal genes and modifications ofnormal genes that retains its ability to encode effective tumorsuppressor proteins and other anti-tumor genes such as a conditionalsuicide protein or a toxin.

Similarly, “non-functional” as used herein is synonymous with“inactivated.” Non-functional or defective genes can be caused by avariety of events, including for example point mutations, deletions,methylation and others known to those skilled in the art.

As used herein, an “active fragment” of a gene includes smaller portionsof the gene that retain the ability to encode proteins having tumorsuppressing activity. p56 RB, described more fully below, is but oneexample of an active fragment of a functional tumor suppressor gene.Modifications of tumor suppressor genes are also contemplated within themeaning of an active fragment, such as additions, deletions orsubstitutions, as long as the functional activity of the unmodified geneis retained.

Another example of a tumor suppressor gene is retinoblastoma (RB). Thecomplete RB cDNA nucleotide sequences and predicted amino acid sequencesof the resulting RB protein (designated p110^(RB)) are shown in Lee etal. (1987) and in FIGS. 3A through 3D (SEQ ID NOS:7 and 8). Also usefulto express retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein is a DNA moleculeencoding the amino acid sequence shown in FIGS. 2A through 2D (SEQ IDNO:8) or having the DNA sequence shown in FIGS. 3A through 3D (SEQ IDNOS:7 and 8). A truncated version of p110^(RB), called p56^(RB), also isuseful. For the sequence of p56^(RB), see Huang et al. (1991).Additional tumor suppressor genes can be used in the vectors of thisinvention. For illustration purposes only, these can be p16 protein(Kamb et al. (1994)), p21 protein, Wilm's tumor WT1 protein, mitosin,h-NUC, or colon carcinoma DCC protein. Mitosin is described in X. Zhuand W-H Lee, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/141,239, filed Oct. 22, 1993,and a subsequent continuation-in-part by the same inventors, attorneydocket number P-CJ 1191, filed Oct. 24, 1994, both of which are hereinincorporated by reference. Similarly, h-NUC is described by W-H Lee andP-L Chen, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/170,586, filed Dec. 20, 1993,herein incorporated by reference.

As is known to those of skill in the art, the term “protein” means alinear polymer of amino acids joined in a specific sequence by peptidebonds. As used herein, the term “amino acid” refers to either the D or Lstereoisomer form of the amino acid, unless otherwise specificallydesignated. Also encompassed within the scope of this invention areequivalent proteins or equivalent peptides, e.g., having the biologicalactivity of purified wild type tumor suppressor protein. “Equivalentproteins” and “equivalent polypeptides” refer to compounds that departfrom the linear sequence of the naturally occurring proteins orpolypeptides, but which have amino acid substitutions that do not changeits biologically activity. These equivalents can differ from the nativesequences by the replacement of one or more amino acids with relatedamino acids, for example, similarly charged amino acids, or thesubstitution or modification of side chains or functional groups.

Also encompassed within the definition of a functional tumor suppressorprotein is any protein whose presence reduces the tumorigenicity,malignancy or hyperproliferative phenotype of the host cell. Examples oftumor suppressor proteins within this definition include, but are notlimited to p110^(RB), p56^(RB), mitosin, h-NUC and p53. “Tumorigenicity”is intended to mean having the ability to form tumors or capable ofcausing tumor formation and is synonymous with neoplastic growth.“Malignancy” is intended to describe a tumorigenic cell having theability to metastasize and endanger the life of the host organism.“Hyperproliferative phenotype” is intended to describe a cell growingand dividing at a rate beyond the normal limitations of growth for thatcell type. “Neoplastic” also is intended to include cells lackingendogenous functional tumor suppressor protein or the inability of thecell to express endogenous nucleic acid encoding a functional tumorsuppressor protein.

An example of a vector of this invention is a recombinant adenovirusexpression vector having a foreign gene coding for p53 protein or anactive fragment thereof is provided by this invention. The codingsequence of the p53 polypeptide is set forth below in Table 1 (SEQ IDNO:9).

TABLE 1                                                          50MEEPQ SDPSV EPPLS QETFS DLWKL LPENN VLSPL PSQAM DDLML SPDDI                                                        100 EQWFT EDPGPDEAPR MPEAA PPVAP APAAP TPAAP APAPS WPLSS SVPSQ                                                        150 KTYQG SYGFRLGFLH SGTAK SVTCT YSPAL NKMFC QLAKT CPVQL WVDST                                                        200 PPPGT RVRAMAIYKQ SQHMT EVVRR CPHHE RCSDS DGLAP PQHLI RVEGN                                                        250 LRVEY LDDRNTFRHS VVVPY EPPEV GSDCT TIHYN YMCNS SCMGG MNRRP                                                        300 LDDRN TFRHSVVVPY EPPEV GSDCT TIHYN YMCNS SCMGG MNRRP ILTII                                                        350 ILTII TLEDSSGNLL GRNSF EVRVC ACPGR DRRTE EENLR KKGEP HHELP                                                        400 PGSTK RALPNNTSSS PQPKK KPLDG EYFTL QIRGR ERFEM FRELN EALEL KDAQA GKEPG GSRAH SSHLKSKKGQ STSRH KKLMF KTEGP DSD* * = Stop codon

Any of the expression vectors described herein are useful ascompositions for diagnosis or therapy. The vectors can be used forscreening which of many tumor suppressor genes would be useful in genetherapy. For example, a sample of cells suspected of being neoplasticcan be removed from a subject and mammal. The cells can then becontacted, under suitable conditions and with an effective amount of arecombinant vector of this invention having inserted therein a foreigngene encoding one of several functional tumor suppressor genes. Whetherthe introduction of this gene will reverse the malignant phenotype canbe measured by colony formation in soft agar or tumor formation in nudemice. If the malignant phenotype is reversed, then that foreign gene isdetermined to be a positive candidate for successful gene therapy forthe subject or mammal. When used pharmaceutically, they can be combinedwith one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers are well known in the art and include aqueoussolutions such as physiologically buffered saline or other solvents orvehicles such as glycols, glycerol, vegetable oils (e.g., olive oil) orinjectable organic esters. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can beused to administer the instant compositions to a cell in vitro or to asubject in vivo.

A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can contain a physiologicallyacceptable compound that acts, for example, to stabilize the compositionor to increase or decrease the absorption of the agent. Aphysiologically acceptable compound can include, for example,carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose or dextrans, antioxidants, suchas ascorbic acid or glutathione, chelating agents, low molecular weightproteins or other stabilizers or excipients. Other physiologicallyacceptable compounds include wetting agents, emulsifying agents,dispersing agents or preservatives, which are particularly useful forpreventing the growth or action of microorganisms. Various preservativesare well known and include, for example, phenol and ascorbic acid. Oneskilled in the art would know that the choice of a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, including a physiologically acceptable compound,depends, for example, on the route of administration of the polypeptideand on the particular physio-chemical characteristics of the specificpolypeptide. For example, a physiologically acceptable compound such asaluminum monosterate or gelatin is particularly useful as a delayingagent, which prolongs the rate of absorption of a pharmaceuticalcomposition administered to a subject. Further examples of carriers,stabilizers or adjutants can be found in Martin, Remington's Pharm.Sci., 15th Ed. (Mack Publ. Co., Easton, 1975), incorporated herein byreference. The pharmaceutical composition also can be incorporated, ifdesired, into liposomes, microspheres or other polymer matrices(Gregoriadis, Liposome Technology, Vol. 1 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.1984), which is incorporated herein by reference). Liposomes, forexample, which consist of phospholipids or other lipids, are nontoxic,physiologically acceptable and metabolizable carriers that arerelatively simple to make and administer.

As used herein, “pharmaceutical composition” refers to any of thecompositions of matte described herein in combination with one or moreof the above pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The compositions canthen be administered therapeutically or prophylactically. They can becontacted with the host cell in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro, in aneffective amount. In vitro and ex vivo means of contacting host cellsare provided below. When practiced in vivo, methods of administering apharmaceutical containing the vector of this invention, are well knownin the art and include but are not limited to, administration orally,intra-tumorally, intravenously, intramuscularly or intraperitoneal.Administration can be effected continuously or intermittently and willvary with the subject and the condition to be treated, e.g., as is thecase with other therapeutic compositions, (Landmann et al. (1992);Aulitzky et al. (1991); Lantz et al. (1990); Supersaxo et al. (1988);Demetri et al. (1989); and LeMaistre et al. (1991)).

Further provided by this invention is a transformed procaryotic oreucaryotic host cell, for example an animal cell or mammalian cell,having inserted a recombinant adenovirus expression vector describedabove. Suitable procaryotic cells include but are not limited tobacterial cells such as E. coli cells. Methods of transforming hostcells with retroviral vectors are known in the art, see Sambrook et al.(1989) and include, but are not limited to transfection,electroporation, and microinjection.

As used throughout this application, the term animal is intended to besynonymous with mammal and is to include, but not be limited to bovine,porcine, feline, simian, canine, equine, murine, rat or human.Additional host cells include but are not limited to any neoplastic ortumor cell, such as osteosarcoma, ovarian carcinoma, breast carcinoma,melanoma, hepatocarcinoma, lung cancer, brain cancer, colorectal cancer,hematopoietic cell, prostate cancer, cervical carcinoma, retinoblastoma,esophageal carcinoma, bladder cancer, neuroblastoma, or renal cancer.

Additionally, any eucaryotic cell line capable of expressing E1a and E1bor E1a, E1b pIX is a suitable host for this vector. In one embodiment, asuitable eucaryotic host cell is the 293 cell line available from theAmerican Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md.,U.S.A. 20231.

Any of the transformed host cells described herein are useful ascompositions for diagnosis or therapy. When used pharmaceutically, theycan be combined with various pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known to those ofskill in the art and, for example, are described above. The compositionscan then be administered therapeutically or prophylactically, ineffective amounts, described in more detail below.

A method of transforming a host cell also is provided by this invention.This method provides contacting a host cell, i.e., a procaryotic oreucaryotic host cell, with any of the expression vectors describedherein and under suitable conditions. Host cells transformed by thismethod also are claimed within the scope of this invention. Thecontacting can be effected in vitro, in vivo, or ex vivo, using methodswell known in the art (Sambrook et al. (1989)) and using effectiveamounts of the expression vectors. Also provided in this invention is amethod of producing a recombinant protein or polypeptide by growing thetransformed host cell under suitable conditions favoring thetranscription and translation of the inserted foreign gene. Methods ofrecombinant expression in a variety of host cells, such as mammalian,yeast, insect or bacterial cells, are widely known, including thosedescribed in Sambrook et al., supra. The translated foreign gene canthen be isolated by convention means, such as column purification orpurification using an anti-protein antibody. The isolated protein orpolypeptide also is intended within the scope of this invention. As usedherein, purified or isolated mean substantially free of native proteinsor nucleic acids normally associated with the protein or polypeptide inthe native or host cell environment.

Also provided by this invention are non-human animals having insertedtherein the expression vectors or transformed host cells of thisinvention. These “transgenic” animals are made using methods well knownto those of skill in the art, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No.5,175,384 or by conventional ex vivo therapy techniques, as described inCulver et al. (1991).

As shown in detail below, the recombinant adenoviruses expressing atumor suppressor wild-type p53, as described above, can efficientlyinhibit DNA synthesis and suppress the growth of a broad range of humantumor cell types, including clinical targets. Furthermore, recombinantadenoviruses can express tumor suppression genes such as p53 in an invivo established tumor without relying on direct injection into thetumor or prior ex vivo treatment of the cancer cells. The p53 expressedis functional and effectively suppresses tumor growth in vivo andsignificantly increases survival time in a nude mouse model of humanlung cancer.

Thus, the vectors of this invention are particularly suited for genetherapy. Accordingly, methods of gene therapy utilizing these vectorsare within the scope of this invention. The vector is purified and thenan effective amount is administered in vivo or ex vivo into the subject.Methods of gene therapy are well known in the art, see, for example,Larrick, J. W. and Burck, K. L. (1991) and Kreigier, M. (1990).“Subject” means any animal, mammal, rat, murine, bovine, porcine,equine, canine, feline or human patient. When the foreign gene codes fora tumor suppressor gene or other anti-tumor protein, the vector isuseful to treat or reduce hyperproliferative cells in a subject, toinhibit tumor proliferation in a subject or to ameliorate a particularrelated pathology. Pathologic hyperproliferative cells arecharacteristic of the following disease states, thyroidhyperplasia—Grave's Disease, psoriasis, benign prostatic hypertrophy,Li-Fraumeni syndrome including breast cancer, sarcomas and otherneoplasms, bladder cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, various leukemiasand lymphomas. Examples of non-pathologic hyperproliferative cells arefound, for instance, in mammary ductal epithelial cells duringdevelopment of lactation and also in cells associated with wound repair.Pathologic hyperproliferative cells characteristically exhibit loss ofcontact inhibition and a decline in their ability to selectively adherewhich implies a change in the surface properties of the cell and afurther breakdown in intercellular communication. These changes includestimulation to divide and the ability to secrete proteolytic enzymes.

Moreover, the present invention relates to a method for depleting asuitable sample of pathologic mammalian hyperproliferative cellscontaminating hematopoietic precursors during bone marrow reconstitutionvia the introduction of a wild type tumor suppressor gene into the cellpreparation using the vector of this invention (whether derived fromautologous peripheral blood or bone marrow). As used herein, a “suitablesample” is defined as a heterogeneous cell preparation obtained from apatient, e.g., a mixed population of cells containing bothphenotypically normal and pathogenic cells. “Administer” includes, butis not limited to introducing into the cell or subject intravenously, bydirect injection into the tumor, by intra-tumoral injection, byintraperitoneal administration, by aerosol administration to the lung ortopically. Such administration can be combined with apharmaceutically-accepted carrier, described above.

The term “reduced tumorigenicity” is intended to mean tumor cells thathave been converted into less tumorigenic or non-tumorigenic cells.Cells with reduced tumorigenicity either form no tumors in vivo or havean extended lag time of weeks to months before the appearance of in vivotumor growth and/or slower growing three dimensional tumor mass comparedto tumors having fully inactivated or non-functional tumor suppressorgene.

As used herein, the term “effective amount” is intended to mean theamount of vector or anti-cancer protein which achieves a positiveoutcome on controlling cell proliferation. For example, one dosecontains from about 10⁸ to about 10¹³ infectious units. A typical courseof treatment would be one such dose a day over a period of five days. Aneffective amount will vary on the pathology or condition to be treated,by the patient and his status, and other factors well known to those ofskill in the art. Effective amounts are easily determined by those ofskill in the art.

Also within the scope of this invention is a method of ameliorating apathology characterized by hyperproliferative cells or genetic defect ina subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of avector described above containing a foreign gene encoding a gene producthaving the ability to ameliorate the pathology, under suitableconditions. As used herein, the term “genetic defect” means any diseaseor abnormality that results from inherited factors, such as sickle cellanemia or Tay-Sachs disease.

This invention also provides a method for reducing the proliferation oftumor cells in a subject by introducing into the tumor mass an effectiveamount of an adenoviral expression vector containing an anti-tumor geneother than a tumor suppressor gene. The anti-tumor gene can encode, forexample, thymidine kinase (TK). The subject is then administered aneffective amount of a therapeutic agent, which in the presence of theanti-tumor gene is toxic to the cell. In the specific case of thymidinekinase, the therapeutic agent is a thymidine kinase metabolite such asganciclovir (GCV), 6-methoxypurine arabinonucleoside (araM), or afunctional equivalent thereof. Both the thymidine kinase gene and thethymidine kinase metabolite must be used concurrently to be toxic to thehost cell. However, in its presence, GCV is phosphorylated and becomes apotent inhibitor of DNA synthesis whereas araM gets converted to thecytotokic anabolite araATP. Other anti-tumor genes can be used as wellin combination with the corresponding therapeutic agent to reduce theproliferation of tumor cells. Such other gene and therapeutic agentcombinations are known by one skilled in the art. Another example wouldbe the vector of this invention expressing the enzyme cytosinedeaminase. Such vector would be used in conjunction with administrationof the drug 5-fluorouracil (Austin and Huber, 1993), or the recentlydescribed E. coli Deo Δ gene in combination with6-methyl-purine-2′-deosribonucleoside (Sorscher et al 1994).

As with the use of the tumor suppressor genes described previously, theuse of other anti-tumor genes, either alone or in combination with theappropriate therapeutic agent provides a treatment for the uncontrolledcell growth or proliferation characteristic of tumors and malignancies.Thus, this invention provides a therapy to stop the uncontrolledcellular growth in the patient thereby alleviating the symptoms of thedisease or cachexia present in the patient. The effect of this treatmentincludes, but is not limited to, prolonged survival time of the patient,reduction in tumor mass or burden, apoptosis of tumor cells or thereduction of the number of circulating tumor cells. Means of quantifyingthe beneficial effects of this therapy are well known to those of skillin the art.

The invention provides a recombinant adenovirus expression vectorcharacterized by the partial or total deletion of the adenoviral proteinIX DNA and having a foreign gene encoding a foreign protein, wherein theforeign protein is a suicide gene or functional equivalent thereof Theanti-cancer gene TK, described above, is an example of a suicide genebecause when expressed, the gene product is, or can be made to be lethalto the cell. For TK, lethality is induced in the presence of GCV. The TKgene is derived from herpes simplex virus by methods well known to thoseof skill in the art. The plasmid pMLBKTK in E. coli HB101 (from ATCC#39369) is a source of the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) thymidine kinase(TK) gene for use in this invention. However, many other sources existas well.

The TK gene can be introduced into the tumor mass by combining theadenoviral expression vector with a suitable pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier. Introduction can be accomplished by, for example, directinjection of the recombinant adenovirus into the tumor mass. For thespecific case of a cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), directinjection into the hepatic artery can be used for delivery because mostHCCs derive their circulation from this artery. To control proliferationof the tumor, cell death is induced by treating the patients with a TKmetabolite such as ganciclovir to achieve reduction of tumor mass. TheTK metabolite can be administered, for example, systemically, by localinoculation into the tumor or in the specific case of HCC, by injectioninto the hepatic artery. The TK metabolite is preferably administered atleast once daily but can be increased or decreased according to theneed. The TK metabolite can be administered simultaneous or subsequentto the administration of the TK containing vector. Those skilled in theart know or can determine the dose and duration which is therapeuticallyeffective.

A method of tumor-specific delivery of a tumor suppressor gene isaccomplished by contacting target tissue in an animal with an effectiveamount of the recombinant adenoviral expression vector of thisinvention. The gene is intended to code for an anti-tumor agent, such asa functional tumor suppressor gene or suicide gene. “Contacting” isintended to encompass any delivery method for the efficient transfer ofthe vector, such as intra-tumoral injection.

The use of the adenoviral vector of this invention to preparemedicaments for the treatment of a disease or for therapy is furtherprovided by this invention.

The following examples are intended to illustrate, not limit the scopeof this invention.

EXPERIMENT NO. I

Plasmid pAd/MLP/p53/E1b− was used as the starting material for thesemanipulations. This plasmid is based on the pBR322 derivative pML2(pBR322 deleted for base pairs 1140 to 2490) and contains adenovirustype 5 sequences extending from base pair 1 to base pair 5788 exceptthat it is deleted for adenovirus type 5 base pairs 357 to 3327. At thesite of the Ad5 357/3327 deletion a transcriptional unit is insertedwhich is comprised of the adenovirus type 2 major late promoter, theadenovirus type 2 tripartite leader cDNA and the human p53 cDNA. It is atypical E1 replacement vector deleted for the Ads E1a and E1b genes butcontaining the Ad5 protein IX gene (for review of Adenovirus vectorssee: Graham and Prevec (1992)). Ad2 DNA was obtained from Gibco BRL.Restriction endonucleases and T4 DNA ligase were obtained from NewEngland Biolabs. E. coli DH5α competent cells were purchased from GibcoBRL and 293 cells were obtained from the American Type CultureCollection (ATCC). Prep-A-Gene DNA purification resin was obtained fromBioRad. LB broth bacterial growth medium was obtained from Difco. QiagenDNA purification columns were obtained from Qiagen, Inc. Ad5 dl327 wasobtained from R. J. Schneider, NYU. The MBS DNA transfection kit waspurchased from Stratagene.

One (1) μg pAd/MLP/p53/E1b− was digested with 20 units each ofrestriction enzymes Ecl 136II and NgoMI according to the manufacturer'srecommendations. Five (5) μg Ad2 DNA was digested with 20 units each ofrestriction endonucleases DraI and NgoMI according to the manufacturer'srecommendations. The restriction digestions were loaded into separatelanes of a 0.8% agarose gel and electrophoresed at 100 volts for 2hours. The 4268 bp restriction fragment from the Pad/MLP/p53/E1b− sampleand the 6437 bp fragment from the Ad2 sample were isolated from the gelusing Prep-A-Gene DNA extraction resin according to the manufacturer'sspecifications. The restriction fragments were mixed and treated with T4DNA ligase in a total volume of 50 μl at 16° C. for 16 hours accordingto the manufacturer's recommendations. Following ligation 5 μl of thereaction was used to transform E. coli DH5α cells to ampicillinresistance following the manufacturer's procedure. Six bacterialcolonies resulting from this procedure were used to inoculate separate 2ml cultures of LB growth medium and incubated overnight at 37° C. withshaking. DNA was prepared from each bacterial culture using standardprocedures (Sambrook et al (1989)). One fourth of the plasmid DNA fromeach isolate was digested with 20 units of restriction endonuclease XhoIto screen for the correct recombinant containing XhoI restrictionfragments of 3627, 3167, 2466 and 1445 base pairs. Five of six screenedisolates contained the correct plasmid. One of these was then used toinoculate a 1 liter culture of LB medium for isolation of largequantities of plasmid DNA. Following overnight incubation plasmid DNAwas isolated from the 1 liter culture using Qiagen DNA purificationcolumns according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The resultingplasmid was designated Pad/MLP/p53/PIX−. Samples of this plasmid weredeposited with the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 ParklawnDrive, Rockville, Md., U.S.A., 12301, on Oct. 22, 1993. The deposit wasmade under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty on the InternationalDeposit of Microorganisms for the Purpose of Patent Procedure. Thedeposit was accorded ATCC Accession No. 75576.

To construct a recombinant adenovirus, 10 μg Pad/MLP/p53/PIX− weretreated with 40 units of restriction endonuclease EcoRI to linearize theplasmid. Adenovirus type 5 dl327 DNA (Thimmappaya (1982)) was digestedwith restriction endonuclease ClaI and the large fragment (approximately33 kilobase pairs) was purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Ten(10) μg of EcoRI treated Pad/MLP/p53/E1b− and 2.5 μg of ClaI treated Adsdl327 were mixed and used to transfect approximately 10⁶ 293 cells usingthe MBS mammalian transfection kit as recommended by the supplier. Eight(8) days following the transfection the 293 cells were split 1 to 3 intofresh media and two days following this adenovirus induced cytopathiceffect became evident on the transfected cells. At 13 dayspost-transfection DNA was prepared from the infected cells usingstandard procedures (Graham and Prevec (1991)) and analyzed byrestriction digestion with restriction endonuclease XhoI. Virus directedexpression of p53 was verified following infection of SaoS2 osteosarcomacells with viral lysate and immunoblotting with an anti-p53 monoclonalantibody designated 1801 (Novocasta Lab. Ltd., U.K.).

EXPERIMENT NO. II Materials and Methods Cell Lines

Recombinant adenoviruses were grown and propagated in the humanembryonal kidney cell line 293 (ATCC CRL 1573) maintained in DME mediumcontaining 10% defined, supplemented calf serum (Hyclone). Saos-2 cellswere maintained in Kaighn's media supplemented with 15% fetal calfserum. HeLa and Hep 3B cells were maintained in DME medium supplementedwith 10% fetal calf serum. All other cell lines were grown in Kaighn'smedia supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Saos-2 cells were kindlyprovided by Dr. Eric Stanbridge. All other cell lines were obtained fromATCC.

Construction of Recombinant Adenoviruses

To construct the Ad5/p53 viruses, a 1.4 kb HindIII-SmaI fragmentcontaining the full length cDNA for p53 (Table 1; SEQ ID NO:9) wasisolated from pGEMI-p53-B-T (kindly supplied by Dr. Wen Hwa Lee) andinserted into the multiple cloning site of the expression vector pSP72(Promega) using standard cloning procedures (Sambrook et al. (1989)).The p53 insert was recovered from this vector following digestion withXhoI-BglII and gel electrophoresis. The p53 coding sequence was theninserted into either pNL3C or pNL3CMV adenovirus gene transfer vectors(kindly provided by Dr. Robert Schneider) which contain the Ad5 5′inverted terminal repeat and viral packaging signals and the E1aenhancer upstream of either the Ad2 major late promoter (MLP) or thehuman cytomegalovirus immediate early gene promoter (CMV), followed bythe tripartite leader cDNA and Ad5 sequence 3325-5525 bp in a PML2background. These new constructs replace the E1 region (bp 360-3325) ofAd5 with p53 driven by either the Ad2 MLP (A/M/53) or the human CMVpromoter (A/C/53), both followed by the tripartite leader cDNA (see FIG.4). The p53 inserts use the remaining downstream E1b polyadenylationsite. Additional MLP and CMV driven p53 recombinants (A/M/N/53,A/C/N/53) were generated which had a further 705 nucleotide deletion ofAd5 sequence to remove the protein IX (PIX) coding region. As a control,a recombinant adenovirus was generated from the parental PNL3C plasmidwithout a p53 insert (A/M). A second control consisted of a recombinantadenovirus encoding the beta-galactosidase gene under the control of theCMV promoter (A/C/β-gal). The plasmids were linearized with either Nru Ior Eco RI and co-transfected with the large fragment of [[a]] Cla Idigested Ads d1309 or d1327 mutants (Jones and Shenk (1979)) using aCa/PO₄ transfection kit (Stratagene). Viral plaques were isolated andrecombinants identified by both restriction digest analysis and PCRusing recombinant specific primers against the tripartite leader cDNAsequence with downstream p53 cDNA sequence. Recombinant virus wasfurther purified by limiting dilution, and virus particles were purifiedand titered by standard methods (Graham and van der Erb (1973); Grahamand Prevec (1991)).

p53 Protein Detection

Saos-2 or Hep 3B cells (5×10⁵) were infected with the indicatedrecombinant adenoviruses for a period of 24 hours at increasingmultiplicities of infection (MOI) of plaque forming units of virus/cell.Cells were then washed once with PBS and harvested in lysis buffer (50mM Tris-Hcl Ph 7.5, 250 Mm NaCl, 0.1% NP40, 50 mM NaF, 5 mM EDTA, 10μg/ml aprotinin, 10 ug/ml leupeptin, and 1 mM PMSF). Cellular proteins(approximately 30 μg) were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred tonitrocellulose. Membranes were incubated with α-p53 antibody PAb 1801(Novocastro) followed by sheep anti-mouse IgG conjugated withhorseradish peroxidase. p53 protein was visualized by chemiluminescence(ECL kit, Amersham) on Kodak XAR-5 film.

Measurement of DNA Synthesis Rate

Cells (5×10³/well) were plated in 96-well titer plates (Costar) andallowed to attach overnight (37° C., 7% CO₂). Cells were then infectedfor 24 hours with purified recombinant virus particles at MOIs rangingfrom 0.3 to 100 as indicated. Media were changed 24 hours afterinfection, and incubation was continued for a total of 72 hours.³H-thymidine (Amersham, 1 μCi/well) was added 18 hours prior to harvest.Cells were harvested on glass fiber filters and levels of incorporatedradioactivity were measured in a beta scintillation counter.³H-thymidine incorporation was expressed as the mean % (+/−SD) of mediacontrol and plotted versus the MOI.

Tumorigenicity in Nude Mice

Approximately 2.4×10⁸ Saos-2 cells, plated in T225 flasks, were treatedwith suspension buffer (it sucrose in PBS) containing either A/M/N/53 orA/M purified virus at an MOI of 3 or 30. Following an overnightinfection, cells were injected subcutaneously into the left and rightflanks of BALB/c athymic nude mice (4 mice per group). One flank wasinjected with the A/M/N/53 treated cells, while the contralateral flankwas injected with the control A/M treated cells, each mouse serving asits own control. Animals receiving bilateral injection of buffer treatedcells served as additional controls. Tumor dimensions (length, width andheight) and body weights were then measured twice per week over an 8week period. Tumor volumes were estimated for each animal assuming aspherical geometry with radius equal to one-half the average of themeasured tumor dimensions.

Intra-tumoral RNA Analysis

BALB/c athymic nude mice (approximately 5 weeks of age) were injectedsubcutaneously with 1×10⁷ H69 small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells intheir right flanks. Tumors were allowed to progress for 32 days untilthey were approximately 25-50 mm³. Mice received peritumoral injectionsof either A/C/53 or A/C/β-gal recombinant adenovirus (2×10⁹ plaqueforming units (pfu)) into the subcutaneous space beneath the tumor mass.Tumors were excised from the animals 2 and 7 days post adenovirustreatment and rinsed with PBS. Tumor samples were homogenized, and totalRNA was isolated using a TriReagent kit (Molecular Research Center,Inc.). PolyA RNA was isolated using the PolyATract mRNA Isolation System(Promega), and approximately 10 ng of sample was used for RT-PCRdetermination of recombinant p53 MRNA expression (Wang et al. (1989)).Primers were designed to amplify sequence between the adenovirustripartite leader CDNA and the downstream p53 CDNA, ensuring that onlyrecombinant, and not endogenous p53 would be amplified.

p53 Gene Therapy of Established Tumors in Nude Mice

Approximately 1×10⁷ H69 (SCLC) tumor cells in 200 μl volumes wereinjected subcutaneously into female BALB/c athymic nude mice. Tumorswere allowed to develop for 2 weeks, at which point animals wererandomized by tumor size (N=5/group). Peritumoral injections of eitherA/M/N/53 or the control A/M adenovirus (2×10⁹ pfu/injection) or bufferalone (1% sucrose in PBS) were administered twice per week for a totalof 8 doses/group. Tumor dimensions and body weights were measured twiceper week for 7 weeks, and tumor volume was estimated as describedpreviously. Animals were then followed to observe the effect oftreatment on mouse survival.

Results

Construction of Recombinant p53-Adenovirus

p53 adenoviruses were constructed by replacing a portion of the E1a andE1b region of adenovirus Type 5 with p53 CDNA under the control ofeither the Ad2 MLP (A/M/53) or CMV (A/C/53) promoter (schematized inFIG. 4). This E1 substitution severely impairs the ability of therecombinant adenoviruses to replicate, restricting their propagation to293 cells which supply Ad 5 E1 gene products in trans (Graham et al.(1977)). After identification of p53 recombinant adenovirus by bothrestriction digest and PCR analysis, the entire p53 CDNA sequence fromone of the recombinant adenoviruses (A/M/53) was sequenced to verifythat it was free of mutations. Following this, purified preparations ofthe p53 recombinants were used to infect HeLa cells to assay for thepresence of phenotypically wild type adenovirus. HeLa cells, which arenon-permissive for replication of E1-deleted adenovirus, were infectedwith 1-4×10⁹ infectious units of recombinant adenovirus, cultured for 3weeks, and observed for the appearance of cytopathic effect (CPE). Usingthis assay, recombinant adenovirus replication or wild typecontamination was not detected, readily evident by the CPE observed incontrol cells infected with wild type adenovirus at a level ofsensitivity of approximately 1 in 10⁹.

p53 Protein Expression from Recombinant Adenovirus

To determine if p53 recombinant adenoviruses expressed p53 protein,tumor cell lines which do not express endogenous p53 protein wereinfected. The human tumor cell lines Saos-2 (osteosarcoma) and Hep 3B(hepatocellular carcinoma) were infected for 24 hours with the p53recombinant adenoviruses A/M/53 or A/C/53 at MOIs ranging 0.1 to 200pfu/cell. Western analysis of lysates prepared from infected cellsdemonstrated a dose-dependent p53 protein expression in both cell types.Both cell lines expressed higher levels of p53 protein followinginfection with A/C/53 than with A/M/53 (SEQ ID NOS:7 and 8). No p53protein was detected in non-infected cells. Levels of endogenouswild-type p53 are normally quite low, and nearly undetectable by Westernanalysis of cell extracts (Bartek et al. (1991)). It is clear howeverthat wild-type p53 protein levels are easily detectable after infectionwith either A/M/53 or A/C/53 at the lower MOIs, suggesting that even lowdoses of p53 recombinant adenoviruses can produce potentiallyefficacious levels of p53.

p53 Dependent Morphology Changes

The reintroduction of wild-type p53 into the p53-negative osteosarcomacell line, Saos-2, results in a characteristic enlargement andflattening of these normally spindle-shaped cells (Chen et al. (1990)).Subconfluent Saos-2 cells (1×10⁵ cells/10 cm plate) were infected at anMOI of 50 with either the A/C/53 or control A/M virus, and incubated at37° C. for 72 hours until uninfected control plates were confluent. Atthis point, the expected morphological change was evident in the A/C/53treated plate but not in uninfected or control virus-infected plates.This effect was not a function of cell density because a control plateinitially seeded at lower density retained normal morphology at 72 hourswhen its confluence approximated that of the A/C/53 treated plate.Previous results had demonstrated a high level of p53 protein expressionat an MOI of 50 in Saos-2 cells, and these results provided evidencethat the p53 protein expressed by these recombinant adenoviruses wasbiologically active.

p53 Inhibition of Cellular DNA Synthesis

To further test the activity of the p53 recombinant adenoviruses, theirability to inhibit proliferation of human tumor cells was assayed asmeasured by the uptake of ³H-thymidine. It has previously been shownthat introduction of wild-type p53 into cells which do not expressendogenous wild-type p53 can arrest the cells at the G₁/S transition,leading to inhibition of uptake of labeled thymidine into newlysynthesized DNA (Baker et al. (1990); Mercer et al. (1990); Diller etal. (1990)). A variety of p53-deficient tumor cell lines were infectedwith either A/M/N/53, A/C/N/53 or a non-p53 expressing controlrecombinant adenovirus (A/M). A strong, dose-dependent inhibition of DNAsynthesis by both the A/M/N/53 and A/C/N/53 recombinants in 7 out of the9 different tumor cell lines tested (FIGS. 5A through 5I) was observed.Both constructs were able to inhibit DNA synthesis in these human tumorcells, regardless of whether they expressed mutant p53 or failed toexpress p53 protein. It also was found that in this assay, the A/C/N/53construct was consistently more potent than the A/M/N/53. In saos-2(osteosarcoma) and MDA-MB468 (breast cancer) cells, nearly 100%inhibition of DNA synthesis was achieved with the A/C/N/53 construct atan MOI as low as 10. At doses where inhibition by the control adenovirusin only 10-30%, a 50-100% reduction in DNA synthesis using either p53recombinant adenovirus was observed. In contrast, no significantp53-specific effect was observed with either construct as compared tocontrol virus in HEP G2 cells (hepatocarcinoma cell line expressingendogenous wild-type p53, Bressac et al. (1990)), nor in the K562 (p53null) leukemic cell line.

Tumorigenicity in Nude Mice

In a more stringent test of function for the p53 recombinantadenoviruses, tumor cells were infected ex vivo and then injected thecells into nude mice to assess the ability of the recombinants tosuppress tumor growth in vivo. Saos-2 cells infected with A/M/N/53 orcontrol A/M virus at a MOI of 3 or 30, were injected into oppositeflanks of nude mice. Tumor sizes were then measured twice a week over an8 week period. At the MOI of 30, no tumor growth was observed in thep53-treated flanks in any of the animals, while the control treatedtumors continued to grow (FIG. 6). The progressive enlargement of thecontrol virus treated tumors were similar to that observed in the buffertreated control animals. A clear difference in tumor growth between thecontrol adenovirus and the p53 recombinant at the MOI of 3, althoughtumors from 2 out of the 4 p53-treated mice did start to show somegrowth after approximately 6 weeks. Thus, the A/M/N/53 recombinantadenovirus is able to mediate p53-specific tumor suppression in an invivo environment.

In Vivo Expression of Ad/p53

Although ex vivo treatment of cancer cells and subsequent injection intoanimals provided a critical test of tumor suppression, a more clinicallyrelevant experiment is to determine if injected p53 recombinantadenovirus could infect and express p53 in established tumors in vivo.To address this, H69 (SCLC, p53^(null)) cells were injectedsubcutaneously into nude mice, and tumors were allowed to develop for 32days. At this time, a single injection of 2×10⁹ pfu of either A/C/53 orA/C/β-gal adenovirus was injected into the peritumoral space surroundingthe tumor. Tumors were then excised at either Day 2 or Day'7 followingthe adenovirus injection, and polyA RNA was isolated from each tumor.RT-PCR, using recombinant-p53 specific primers, was then used to detectp53 MRNA in the p53 treated tumors. No p53 signal was evident from thetumors excised from the β-gal treated animals. Amplification with actinprimers served as a control for the RT-PCR reaction, while a plasmidcontaining the recombinant-p53 sequence served as a positive control forthe recombinant-p53 specific band. This experiment demonstrates that ap53 recombinant adenovirus can specifically direct expression of p53mRNA within established tumors following a single injection into theperitumoral space. It also shows in vivo viral persistence for at leastone week following infection with a p53 recombinant adenovirus.

In vivo Efficacy

To address the feasibility of gene therapy of established tumors, atumor-bearing nude mouse model was used. H69 cells were injected intothe subcutaneous space on the right flank of mice, and tumors wereallowed to grow for 2 weeks. Mice then received peritumoral injectionsof buffer or recombinant virus twice weekly for a total of 8 doses. Inthe mice treated with buffer or control A/M virus, tumors continued togrow rapidly throughout the treatment, whereas those treated with theA/M/N/53 virus grew at a greatly reduced rate (FIG. 7A). After cessationof injections, the control treated tumors continued to grow while thep53 treated tumors showed little or no growth for at least one week inthe absence of any additional supply of exogenous p53 (FIG. 7A).Although control animals treated with buffer alone had accelerated tumorgrowth as compared to either virus treated group, no significantdifference in body weight was found between the three groups during thetreatment period. Tumor ulceration in some animals limited the relevanceof tumor size measurements after day 42. However, continued monitoringof the animals to determine survival time demonstrated a survivaladvantage for the p53-treated animals (FIG. 7B). The last of the controladenovirus treated animals died on day 83, while buffer alone treatedcontrols had all expired by day 56. In contrast, all 5 animals treatedwith the A/M/N/53 continue to survive (day 130 after cell inoculation)(FIG. 7B). Together, this data establish a p53-specific effect on bothtumor growth and survival time in animals with established p53-deficienttumors.

Adenovirus Vectors Expressing p53

Recombinant human adenovirus vectors which are capable of expressinghigh levels of wild-type p53 protein in a dose dependent manner wereconstructed. Each vector contains deletions in the E1a and E1b regionswhich render the virus replication deficient (Challberg and Kelly(1979); Horowitz, (1991)). Of further significance is that thesedeletions include those sequences encoding the E1b 19 and 55 kd protein.The 19 kd protein is reported to be involved in inhibiting apoptosis(White et al. (1992); Rao et al. (1992)), whereas the 55 kd protein isable to bind wild-type p53 protein (Sarnow et al. (1982); Heuvel et al.(1990)). By deleting these adenoviral sequences, potential inhibitors ofp53 function were removed through direct binding to p53 or potentialinhibition of p53 mediated apoptosis. Additional constructs were madewhich have had the remaining 3′ E1b sequence, including all protein IXcoding sequence, deleted as well. Although this has been reported toreduce the packaging size capacity of adenovirus to approximately 3 kbless than wild-type virus (Ghosh-Choudhury et al. (1987)), theseconstructs are also deleted in the E3 region so that the A/M/N/53 andA/C/N/53 constructs are well within this size range. By deleting the pIXregion, adenoviral sequences homologous to those contained in 293 cellsare reduced to approximately 300 base pairs, decreasing the chances ofregenerating replication-competent, wild-type adenovirus throughrecombination. Constructs lacking pIX coding sequence appear to haveequal efficacy to those with pIX.

p53/Adenovirus Efficacy In Vitro

In concordance with a strong dose dependency for expression of p53protein in infected cells, a dose-dependent, p53-specific inhibition oftumor cell growth was demonstrated. Cell division, was inhibited anddemonstrated by the inhibition of DNA synthesis, in a wide variety oftumor cell types known to lack wild-type p53 protein expression.Bacchetti and Graham (1993) recently reported p53 specific inhibition ofDNA synthesis in the ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV-3 by a p53recombinant adenovirus in similar experiments. In addition to ovariancarcinoma, additional human tumor cell lines were demonstrated,representative of clinically important human cancers and including linesover-expressing mutant p53 protein, can also be growth inhibited by thep53 recombinants of this invention. At MOIs where the A/C/N/53recombinant is 90-100% effective in inhibiting DNA synthesis in thesetumor types, control adenovirus mediated suppression is less than 20%.

Although Feinstein et al. (1992) reported that re-introduction ofwild-type p53 could induce differentiation and increase the proportionof cells in G₁ versus S+G₂ for leukemic K562 cells, no p53 specificeffect was found in this line. Horvath and Weber (1988) have reportedthat human peripheral blood lymphocytes are highly nonpermissive toadenovirus infection. In separate experiments, the recombinantsignificantly infected the non-responding K562 cells with recombinantA/C/β-gal adenovirus, while other cell lines, including the control HepG2 line and those showing a strong p53 effect, were readily infectable.Thus, at least part of the variability of efficacy would appear to bedue to variability of infection, although other factors may be involvedas well.

The results observed with the A/M/N/53 virus in FIG. 8 demonstrates thatcomplete suppression is possible in an in vivo environment. Theresumption of tumor growth in 2 out of 4, p53 treated animals at thelower MOI most likely resulted from a small percentage of cells notinitially infected with the p53 recombinant at this dose. The completesuppression seen with A/M/N/53 at the higher dose, however, shows thatthe ability of tumor growth to recover can be overcome.

p53/Adenovirus In Vivo Efficacy

Work presented here and by other groups (Chen et al. (1990); Takahashiet al. (1992)) have shown that human tumor cells lacking expression ofwild-type p53 can be treated ex vivo with p53 and result in suppressionof tumor growth when the treated cells are transferred into an animalmodel. Applicants present the first evidence of tumor suppressor genetherapy of an in vivo established tumor, resulting in both suppressionof tumor growth and increased survival time. In Applicants' system,delivery to tumor cells did not rely on direct injection into the tumormass. Rather, p53 recombinant adenovirus was injected into theperitumoral space, and p53 mRNA expression was detected within thetumor. p53 expressed by the recombinants was functional and stronglysuppressed tumor growth as compared to that of control, non-p53expressing adenovirus treated tumors. However, both p53 and controlvirus treated tumor groups showed tumor suppression as compared tobuffer treated controls. It has been demonstrated that local expressionof tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-γ), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4or IL-7 can lead to T-cell independent transient tumor suppression innude mice (Hoch et al. (1992)). Exposure of monocytes to adenovirusvirions are also weak inducers of IFN-α/β (reviewed in Gooding and Wold(1990)). Therefore, it is not surprising that some tumor suppression innude mice was observed even with the control adenovirus. This virusmediated tumor suppression was not observed in the ex vivo control virustreated Saos-2 tumor cells described earlier. The p53-specific in vivotumor suppression was dramatically demonstrated by continued monitoringof the animals in FIGS. 7A and 7B. The survival time of the p53-treatedmice was significantly increased, with 5 out of 5 animals still alivemore than 130 days after cell inoculation compared to 0 out of 5adenovirus control treated animals. The surviving animals still exhibitgrowing tumors which may reflect cells not initially infected with thep53 recombinant adenovirus. Higher or more frequent dosing schedules mayaddress this. In addition, promoter shutoff (Palmer et al. (1991)) oradditional mutations may have rendered these cells resistant to the p53recombinant adenovirus treatment. For example, mutations in the recentlydescribed WAF1 gene, a gene induced by wild-type p53 which subsequentlyinhibits progression of the cell cycle into S phase, (El-Deiry et al.(1993); Hunter (1993)) could result in a p53-resistant tumor.

EXPERIMENT NO. III

This Example shows the use of suicide genes and tissue specificexpression of such genes in the gene therapy methods described herein.Hepatocellular carcinoma was chosen as the target because it is one ofthe most common human malignancies affecting man, causing an estimated1,250,000 deaths per year world-wide. The incidence of this cancer isvery high in Southeast Asia and Africa where it is associated withHepatitis B and C infection and exposure to aflatoxin. Surgery iscurrently the only treatment which offers the potential for curing HCC,although less than 20% of patients are considered candidates forresection (Ravoet C. et al., 1993). However, tumors other thanhepatocellular carcinoma are equally applicable to the methods ofreducing their proliferation described herein.

Cell Lines

All cell lines but for the HLF cell line were obtained from the AmericanType Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC) 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville,Md. ATCC accession numbers are noted in parenthesis. The human embryonalkidney cell line 293 (CRL 1573) was used to generate and propagate therecombinant adenoviruses described herein. They were maintained in DMEmedium containing 10% defined, supplemented calf serum (Hyclone). Thehepatocellular carcinoma cell lines Hep 3B (HB 8064), Hep G2 (HB 8065),and HLF were maintained in DME/F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetalbovine serum, as were the breast carcinoma cell lines MDA-MB468 (HTB132) and BT-549 (HTB 122). Chang liver cells (CCL 13) were grown in MEMmedium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The HLF cell line wasobtained from Drs. T. Morsaki and H. Kitsuki at the Kyushu UniversitySchool of Medicine in Japan.

Recombinant Virus Construction

Two adenoviral expression vectors designated herein as ACNTK and ACNTKand devoid of protein IX function (depicted in FIG. 8) are capable ofdirecting expression of the TK suicide gene within tumor cells. A thirdadenovirus expression vector designated AANCAT was constructed tofurther demonstrate the feasibility of specifically targeting geneexpression to specific cell types using adenoviral vectors. Theseadenoviral constructs were assembled as depicted in FIGS. 8 and 9 andare derivatives of those previously described for the expression oftumor suppressor genes.

For expression of the foreign gene, expression cassettes have beeninserted that utilize either the human cytomegalovirus immediate earlypromoter/enhancer (CMV) (Boshart, M. et al., 1985) or the humanalpha-fetoprotein (AFP) enhancer/promoter (Watanable, K. et al., 1987;Nakabayashi, H. et al., 1989) to direct transcription of the TK gene orthe chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (CAT). The CMV enhancerpromoter is capable of directing robust gene expression in a widevariety of cell types while the AFP enhancer/promoter constructrestricts expression to hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC) whichexpress AFP in about 70-80% of the HCC patient population. In theconstruct utilizing the CMV promoter/enhancer, the adenovirus type 2tripartite leader sequence also was inserted to enhance translation ofthe TK transcript (Berkner, K. L. and Sharp, 1985). In addition to theE1 deletion, both adenovirus vectors are additionally deleted for 1.9kilobases (kb) of DNA in the viral E3 region. The DNA deleted in the E3region is non-essential for virus propagation and its deletion increasesthe insert capacity of the recombinant virus for foreign DNA by anequivalent amount (1.9 kb) (Graham and Prevec, 1991).

To demonstrate the specificity of the AFP promoter/enhancer, the virusAANCAT also was constructed where the marker gene chloramphenicolaceytitransferase (CAT) is under the control of the AFPenhancer/promoter. In the ACNTK viral construct, the Ad2 tripartiteleader sequence was placed between the CMV promoter/enhancer and the TKgene. The tripartite leader has been reported to enhance translation oflinked genes. The E1 substitution impairs the ability of the recombinantviruses to replicate, restricting their propagation to 293 cells whichsupply the Ads E1 gene products in trans (Graham et al., 1977).

Adenoviral Vector ACNTK: The plasmid pMLBKTK in E. coli HB101 (from ATCC#39369) was used as the source of the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)thymidine kinase (TK) gene. TK was excised from this plasmid as a 1.7 kbgene fragment by digestion with the restriction enzymes Bgl II and PvuII and subcloned into the compatible Bam HI, EcoR V restriction sites ofplasmid pSP72 (Promega) using standard cloning techniques (Sambrook etal., 1989). The TK insert was then isolated as a 1.7 kb fragment fromthis vector by digestion with Xba I and Bgl II and cloned into Xba I,BamHI digested plasmid pACN (Wills et al. 1994). Twenty (20) μg of thisplasmid designated pACNTK were linearized with Eco RI and cotransfectedinto 293 cells (ATCC CRL 1573) with 5 μg of Cla I digested ACBGL (Willset al., 1994 supra) using a CaPO₄ transfection kit (Stratagene, SanDiego, Calif.). Viral plaques were isolated and recombinants, designatedACNTK, were identified by restriction digest analysis of isolated DNAwith Xho I and BsiWI. Positive recombinants were further purified bylimiting dilution and expanded and titered by standard methods (Grahamand Prevec, 1991).

Adenoviral Vector AANTK: The α-fetoprotein promoter (AFP-P) and enhancer(AFP-E) were cloned from a human genomic DNA (Clontech) using PCRamplification with primers containing restriction sites at their ends.The primers used to isolate the 210 bp AFP-E contained a Nhe Irestriction site on the 5′ primer and an Xba I, Xho I, Kpn I linker onthe 3′ primer. The 5′ primer sequence was 5′-CGC GCT AGC TCT GCC CCA AAGAGC T-3′ (SEQ ID NO:3). The 5′ primer sequence was 5′ -CGC GGT ACC CTCGAG TCT AGA TAT TGC CAG TGG TGG AAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:4). The primers usedto isolate the 1763 bp AFE fragment contained a Not I restriction siteon the 5′ primer and a Xba I site on the 3′ primer. The 5′ primersequence was 5′-CGT GCG GCC GCT GGA GGA CTT TGA GGA TGT CTG-TC-3′ (SEQID NO:5). The 3′ primer sequence was 5′-CGC TCT AGA GAG ACC AGT TAG GAAGTT TTC GCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:6). For PCR amplification, the DNA wasdenatured at 97° for 7 minutes, followed by 5 cycles of amplification at97°, 1 minute, 53°, 1 minute, 72°, 2 minutes, and a final 72°, 10 minuteextension. The amplified AFE was digested with Not I and Xba I andinserted into the Not I, Xba I sites of a plasmid vector (pA/ITR/B)containing adenovirus type 5 sequences 1-350 and 3330-5790 separated bya polylinker containing Not I, Xho I, Xba I, Hind III, Kpn I, Bam HI,Nco I, Sma I, and Bgl II sites. The amplified AFP-E was digested withNhe I and Kpn I and inserted into the AFP-E containing constructdescribed above which had been digested with Xba I and Kpn I. This newconstruct was then further digested with Xba I and NgoMI to removeadenoviral sequences 3330-5780, which were subsequently replaced with anXba I, NgoMI restriction fragment of plasmid pACN containing nucleotides4021-10457 of adenovirus type 2 to construct the plasmid pAAN containingboth the α-fetoprotein enhancer and promoter. This construct was thendigested with Eco RI and Xba I to isolate a 2.3 kb fragment containingthe Ad5 inverted terminal repeat, the AFP-E and the AFP-P which wassubsequently ligated with the 8.55 kb fragment of Eco RI, Xba I digestedpACNTK described above to generate pAANTK where the TK gene is driven bythe α-fetoprotein enhancer and promoter in an adenovirus background.This plasmid was then linearized with Eco RI and cotransfected with thelarge fragment of Cla I digested ALBGL as above and recombinants,designated AANTK, were isolated and purified as described above.

Adenoviral Vector AANCAT: The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)gene was isolated from the pCAT-Basic Vector (Promega Corporation) by anXba I, Bam HI digest. This 1.64 kb fragment was ligated into Xba I, BamHI digested pAAN (described above) to create pAANCAT. This plasmid wasthen linearized with Eco RI and cotransfected with the large fragment ofCla I digested rA/C/β-gal to create AANCAT.

Reporter Gene Expression: β-Galactosidase Expression:

Cells were plated at 1×10⁵ cells/well in a 24-well tissue culture plate(Costar) and allowed to adhere overnight (37C, 7% CO₂). Overnightinfections of ACBGL were performed at a multiplicity of infection (MOI)of 30. After 24 hours, cells were fixed with 3.7% Formaldehyde; PBS, andstained with 1 mg/ml Xgal reagent (USB). The data was scored (+, ++,+++) by estimating the percentage of positively stained cells at eachMOI. [+=1-33%, ++=33-67% and +++=>67%]

Reporter Gene Expression: CAT Expression:

Two (2)×10⁶ cells (Hep G2, Hep 3B, HLF, Chang, and MDA-MB468) wereseeded onto 10 cm plates in triplicate and incubated overnight (37C, 7%CO₂). Each plate was then infected with either AANCAT at an MOI=30 or100 or uninfected and allowed to incubate for 3 days. The cells werethen trypsinized and washed with PBS and resuspended in 100 μl of 0.25 MTris pH 7.8. The samples were frozen and thawed 3 times, and thesupernatant was transferred to new tubes and incubated at 60° C. for 10minutes. The samples were then spun at 4° C. for 5 minutes, and thesupernatants assayed for protein concentration using a Bradford assay(Bio-Rad Protein Assay Kit). Samples were adjusted to equal proteinconcentrations to a final volume of 75 μl using 0.25 M Tris, 25 μl of 4mM acetyl CoA and 1 μl of ¹⁴C-Chloramphenicol and incubated overnight at37° C. 500 μl of ethyl acetate is added to each sample and mixed byvortexing, followed by centrifiguration for 5 minutes at roomtemperature. The upper phase is then transferred to a new tube and theethyl acetate is evaporated by centrifugation under vacuum. The reactionproducts are then redissolved in 25 μl of ethyl acetate and spotted ontoa thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate and the plate is then placed ina pre-equilibrated TLC chamber (95% chloroform, 5% methanol). Thesolvent is then allowed to migrate to the top of the plate, the plate isthen dried and exposed to X-ray film.

Cellular Proliferation: ³H-Thymidine Incorporation

Cells were plated at 5×10³ cells/well in a 96-well micro-titer plate(Costar) and allowed to incubate overnight (37C, 7%; CO₂). Seriallydiluted ACN, ACNTK or AATK virus in DMEM; 15% FBS; to glutamine was usedto transfect cells at an infection multiplicity of 30 for an overnightduration at which point cells were dosed in triplicate with ganciclovir(Cytovene) at log intervals between 0.001 and 100 mM (micro molar). 1μCi ³H-thymidine (Amersham) was added to each well 12-18 hours beforeharvesting. At 72 hours-post infection cells were harvested ontoglass-fiber filters and incorporated ³H-thymidine was counted usingliquid scintillation (TopCount, Packard). Results are plotted as percentof untreated control proliferation and tabulated as the effective dose(ED₅₀±SD) for a 50 percent reduction in proliferation over mediacontrols. ED₅₀ values were estimated by fitting a logistic equation tothe dose response data.

Cytotoxicity: LDH Release

Cells (HLF, human HCC) were plated, infected with ACN or ACNTK andtreated with ganciclovir as described for the proliferation assay. At 72hours post-ganciclovir administration, cells were spun, the supernatantwas removed. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase measured colometrically(Promega, Cytotox 96™). Mean (+/−S.D.) LDH release is plotted versusM.O.I.

In Vivo Therapy

Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Hep 3B) were injectedsubcutaneously into ten female (10) athymic nu/nu mice (SimonsenLaboratories, Gilroy, Calif.). Each animal received approximately 1×10⁷cells in the left flank. Tumors were allowed to grow for 27 days beforerandomizing mice by tumor size. Mice were treated with intratumoral andperitumoral injections of ACNTK or the control virus. ACN (1×10⁹ iu in100 μI) every other day for a total of three doses. Starting 24 hoursafter the initial dose of adenovirus, the mice were dosedintraperitoneally with ganciclovir (Cytovene 100 mg/kg) daily for atotal of 10 days. Mice were monitored for tumor size and body weighttwice weekly. Measurements on tumors were made in three dimensions usingvernier calipers and volumes were calculated using the formula 4/3πr³,where r is one-half the average tumor dimension.

Results

The recombinant adenoviruses were used to infect three HCC cell lines(HLF, Hep3B and Hep-G2). One human liver cell line (Chang) and twobreast cancer cell lines were used as controls (MDAMB468 and BT549). Todemonstrate the specificity of the AFP promoter/enhancer, the virusAANCAT was constructed. This virus was used to infect cells that eitherdo (Hep 3B, HepG2) or do not (HLE, Chang, MDAMB468) express the HCCtumor marker alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). As shown in FIG. 13, AANCATdirects expression of the CAT marker gene only in those HCC cells whichare capable of expressing AFP (FIG. 13).

The efficacy of ACNTK and AANTK for the treatment of HCC was assessedusing a ³H-thymidine incorporation assay to measure the effect of thecombination of HSV-TK expression and ganciclovir treatment upon cellularproliferation. The cell lines were infected with either ACNTK or AANTKor the control virus ACN (Wills et al., 1994 supra), which does notdirect expression of HSV-TK, and then treated with increasingconcentrations of ganciclovir. The effect of this treatment was assessedas a function of increasing concentrations of ganciclovir, and theconcentration of ganciclovir required to inhibit ³H-thymidineincorporated by 50% was determined (ED₅₀). Additionally, a relativemeasure of adenovirus - mediated gene transfer and expression of eachcell line was determined using a control virus which directs expressionof the marker gene beta-galactosidase. The data presented in FIGS. 10Aand 10B and Table 2 below show that the ACNTK virus/ganciclovircombination treatment was capable of inhibiting cellular proliferationin all cell lines examined as compared with the control adenovirus ACNin combination with ganciclovir. In contrast, the AANTK viral vector wasonly effective in those HCC cell lines which have been demonstrated toexpress a-fetoprotein. In addition, the AANTK/GCV combination was moreeffective when the cells were plated at high densities.

TABLE 2 β-gal ED50 Cell Line aFP Expression ACN ACNTK AANTK MDAMB468 −+++ >100 2 >100 BT549 − +++ >100 <0.3 >100 HLF − +++ >100 0.8 >100 CHANG− +++ >100 22 >100 HAP-3B − + 80 8 8 HEP-G2 LOW + ++ 90 2 35 HEP-G2HIGH + ++ 89 0.5 4

Nude mice bearing Hep3B tumors (N=5/group) were treated intratumorallyand peritumorally with equivalent doses of ACNTK or ACN control.Twenty-four hours after the first administration of recombinantadenovirus, daily treatment of ganciclovir was initiated in all mice.Tumor dimensions from each animal were measured twice weekly viacalipers, and average tumor sizes are plotted in FIGS. 12A and 12B.Average tumor size at day 58 was smaller in the ACNTK-treated animalsbut the difference did not reach statistical significance (p<0.09,unpaired t-test). These data support a specific effect of ACNTK on tumorgrowth in vivo. No significant differences in average body weight weredetected between the groups.

Although the invention has been described with reference to the aboveembodiments, it should be understood that various modifications can bemade without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly,the invention is limited only by the claims that follow.

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1-31. (canceled)
 32. A method of killing a tumor cell in a tumor of ahuman cancer patient, the method comprising the steps of: (a)introducing into said tumor an effective amount of polynucleotidesencoding a functionally active p53; (b) expressing said p53 in saidtumor cell, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of said tumor cellexpressing said p53 to a first DNA damaging agent, and (c) contactingsaid tumor cell with said first DNA damaging agent, thereby killing saidtumor cell.
 33. A method for killing a tumor cell in a tumor of a humancancer patient, the method comprising the steps of: (a) contacting saidtumor with a first DNA damaging agent; (b) introducing into said tumoran effective amount of polynucleotides encoding a functionally activep53; and (c) expressing p53 in said tumor cell, thereby enhancing thesensitivity of said tumor cell expressing p53 to said first DNA damagingagent, and wherein the expression of said p53 and DNA damaging agentresult in the killing of said tumor cell.
 34. The method of claim 32 or33 wherein said polynucleotide is an adenoviral vector.
 35. The methodof claim 32 or 33 wherein said first DNA damaging agent is administeredlocally to said tumor.
 36. The method of claim 32 or 33 wherein saidfirst DNA damaging agent is administered regionally to said tumor. 37.The method of claim 32 or 33 wherein said polynucleotide is administeredlocally to said tumor.
 38. The method of claim 32 or 33 wherein saidpolynucleotide is administered regionally to said tumor.